Explore/What the work needs
Skills
A skill is something you can do at work, not only something you know. Insyt teaches 255 of them one at a time, and each links to the tasks that need it and the Paths that teach it.
Technique185
- ProfessionalReading and Tracing Unfamiliar CodeTraces how an unfamiliar codebase or notebook produces a given output, naming the functions, data and configuration involved.
- ProfessionalUnderstanding and Interrogating Data and Application APIsReads an API contract, makes authenticated calls, and verifies pagination, limits and error semantics against the documentation.
- ProfessionalWriting Maintainable Code for Analytical and Data WorkWrites code in functions with tests, clear names and pinned dependencies so another person can run and change it safely.
- ProfessionalDebugging Data and Application Services from EvidenceReproduces a fault, narrows it with logs, traces and tests, and proves the fix removes it.
- SpecialistBuilding Bounded, Secure Data-Service APIsBuilds an API that validates input, enforces authorisation and limits, and returns documented errors.
- ProfessionalDesigning Automated Pipelines and Processes that Fail Safely and RecoverDesigns a pipeline or automated process so failures are detected, retries are idempotent, dependencies and checkpoints are explicit, partial work is...
- ProfessionalSampling and reviewing a team's work against standardsSamples a team's technical, analytical or service work products, reviews them against the agreed standard, checks agreement between reviewers and...
- SpecialistSetting and Reviewing Reliability Objectives and Error Budgets for Data and AI ServicesChooses service-level indicators that reflect what users experience (freshness, completeness, latency, availability), agrees objectives and an error...
- SpecialistAssessing Data-Service Continuity and RecoverabilitySets and tests recovery time and point objectives and vendor exit for a data service, and shows the evidence that recovery works.
- SpecialistFitting, Checking and Interpreting Inferential Regression ModelsSpecifies a regression for a stated question, fits it, checks residuals and assumptions, and interprets coefficients with uncertainty and limits.
- SpecialistDesigning and Evaluating Retrieval for AI SystemsPrepares and chunks a corpus, configures retrieval, and measures retrieval quality against a labelled question set before generation is judged.
- ProfessionalDesigning and Validating Digital Analytics Event MeasurementWrites an event tracking plan with names, parameters and consent conditions, then validates collected events against it.
- ProfessionalEstimating Quantities and Differences with IntervalsEstimates proportions, means and differences with confidence or credible intervals suited to the data, and interprets the interval for a named...
- SpecialistForecasting Operational Demand at Interval and Site GrainForecasts interval-level and intermittent site demand with multiple seasonality and reforecasts intraday from actuals.
- SpecialistDesigning AI-assisted Workflows with Bounded Tools and Human AuthorityDesigns an organisational workflow that assigns each step to AI, a person or an approval gate, bounds tool and data access to need, and keeps human...
- SpecialistSpecifying AI Transparency and Explanation Duties to Affected PeopleSpecifies what affected people and operators must be told about an AI system or automated decision, and how explanations, contestation and recourse...
- ProfessionalConverting Demand into Capacity RequirementsConverts a demand or workload forecast into required capacity by interval or period using workload per unit, service target, shrinkage, ramp and...
- SpecialistBounding and Securing AI Systems' Tool and Data AccessSpecifies least-privilege tool and data scopes for an AI agent or RAG system (including MCP servers and connectors), adds approval gates for...
- SpecialistDesigning and Running Evaluations of AI SystemsBuilds a task-representative test set, chooses graders (rules, human, model-graded with checked agreement), runs regression evaluations across...
- ProfessionalLocating and Acting on Personal Data for Individual Rights RequestsFor an access, erasure, rectification or objection request, confirms identity and scope, searches declared and undeclared systems, backups and...
- ProfessionalDesigning and Quality-checking Survey InstrumentsWrites and pilots survey questions and scales that avoid leading, double-barrelled and ambiguous items, then checks responses for non-response,...
- ProfessionalEstablishing and Declaring Data GrainStates and proves the grain of each table before aggregating or combining it, and explains how a grain mismatch inflates or hides totals.
- ProfessionalCombining Tables Safely: Cardinality, Fan-out and Conservation of TotalsPredicts what a join, lookup or BI relationship will do to row counts and totals from the cardinality of the entities, then proves after combining...
- FoundationalCalculating and Interpreting Percentages, Rates and RatiosComputes and correctly phrases percentage change, share, percentage-point change, rates and ratios from the right base, denominator, population and...
- FoundationalComparing Periods ConsistentlyMakes month, quarter and year comparisons that respect calendars, partial periods, fiscal weeks and timing differences, and flags comparisons that...
- FoundationalInterpreting Trends and SeasonalitySeparates trend, seasonality and structural breaks in a time series and says which movement is real before anyone explains it.
- ProfessionalFormulating Answerable Data QuestionsTurns a hypothesis or vague request into data questions with defined measures, populations and comparisons that the available evidence can actually...
- FoundationalFinding Relevant Data SourcesLocates systems of record, catalogue entries, owners and request routes for a question, and records what was not found.
- ProfessionalProfiling DataBuilds a repeatable profile of a dataset (nulls, duplicates, ranges, distributions, signed balances by extract version) and reads what it says about...
- ProfessionalStandardising and Cleaning Data Under Agreed RulesSpecifies and applies permitted cleaning rules (canonicalisation, no-overwrite conditions, exception queues) so every change is rule-based, logged...
- ProfessionalGoverning Shared Data DefinitionsRuns versioning, approval and conflict resolution for shared business definitions so every consumer uses the same current meaning.
- ProfessionalDiagnosing Duplicate RecordsDetects duplicate entities with explicit match rules and weighs false merges against missed matches by their business cost.
- FoundationalValidating Records by Matching, Recomputation and End-to-end TracingValidates business records by matching them across independent sources and by independent recomputation, traces a transaction end to end through a...
- ProfessionalWriting Data Quality RulesEncodes data-quality expectations as executable checks with thresholds, severity and named owners.
- ProfessionalReconciling Conflicting ReportsExplains why two reports answer the same question differently by tracing definitions, cut-offs, filters and lineage, and states which is right for...
- ProfessionalPreparing Analysis-ready Datasets ReproduciblyReplaces manual edits with a scripted, rerunnable preparation (types, keys, reshaping, filters) that produces a documented dataset fit for one...
- ProfessionalTracing Data Lineage Upstream and DownstreamTraces a reported figure back to its sources through every transformation, and forward from a source field or definition to every dependent model,...
- ProfessionalRepairing Data Defects Reversibly Under Owner AuthorityProposes and applies corrections to authoritative records with idempotency, amendment identifiers, rollback and owner approval, and refuses repairs...
- ProfessionalMonitoring Data Quality and Freshness in ProductionSets baselines, thresholds and routed alerts for quality, freshness, volume and schema signals on a live data product and tells real incidents from...
- FoundationalDescribing Distributions with Summaries and PlotsDescribes a distribution with summaries and plots that show its centre, spread, skew and subgroup differences, and says when an average misleads.
- FoundationalComparing GroupsCompares groups fairly, accounting for size, composition and overlap, and states what the comparison can and cannot show.
- ProfessionalCalculating and Verifying KPIs Against Their SpecificationComputes a KPI exactly as its specification states (exclusions, timing, population) and decides by independent recomputation whether a reported value...
- ProfessionalExploring Data to Find Patterns That Survive ValidationRuns a logged exploration of unfamiliar data, finds candidate patterns and tests whether they hold out of sample before reporting them.
- ProfessionalInvestigating AnomaliesEstablishes baseline, onset, scope and affected segments of an anomaly before explaining it, and tests competing explanations.
- ProfessionalVariance AnalysisDecomposes a variance against plan or prior into price, volume, mix and rate effects that sum exactly, after verifying the figures.
- ProfessionalAnalysing Business Drivers and ContributionsBuilds a driver tree for a KPI and quantifies each driver's contribution to a change.
- ProfessionalDesigning and Interpreting Hypothesis TestsChooses, runs and interprets a test that matches the decision and data, and says when significance does not justify action.
- SpecialistStatistical Power and Sample SizePlans a sample size for a detectable effect and judges whether a null result is underpowered.
- ProfessionalDesigning and Appraising SamplesDesigns or appraises a sample for a stated population and question and states the bias risks.
- SpecialistDesigning ExperimentsTurns a decision into a falsifiable, ethical experiment with a randomisation unit, sizing, duration and stopping rules fixed before launch.
- SpecialistEstimating and Challenging Causal EffectsWrites the causal question and assumptions, estimates an intervention's effect with a suitable quasi-experimental design, and challenges causal...
- ProfessionalForecasting Business Trends and Turning Points for PlanningProduces and compares baseline planning forecasts, detects turning points and presents forecast ranges.
- ProfessionalDesigning and Comparing Decision ScenariosDesigns scenarios that differ in decision-relevant ways and compares options across them.
- FoundationalReading Charts and Dashboards Correctly, Including Their StateReads what a chart or BI report actually shows now: encodings and scales, applied filters and slicers, navigation state, refresh and as-of time and...
- ProfessionalSelecting Charts for Evidence and DecisionsSelects chart forms that answer the stated comparison, composition, distribution or relationship question.
- ProfessionalConstructing Clear and Honest ChartsBuilds charts with honest scales, labels, ordering and annotation, including uncertainty, in any charting tool.
- ProfessionalEvaluating and Improving Chart AccessibilityEvaluates and fixes charts and reports for colour vision, contrast, screen-reader and keyboard access, and keeps accessible alternatives under...
- ProfessionalWriting Evidence-led Findings and Auditable Recommendations with Their LimitsWrites findings, a decision brief or a recommendation that states what the evidence does and does not show and traces each point to evidence,...
- ProfessionalCommunicating Quantified UncertaintyPresents uncertain estimates so decision-makers understand ranges, probabilities and risks without false precision.
- ProfessionalPresenting and Defending Evidence-based Recommendations to Decision-makersPresents evidence and a recommendation so an accountable person can decide, defends its trade-offs under challenge, and maintains, qualifies or...
- ProfessionalSpecifying Decision-useful ReportsSpecifies a report from the decision, users, questions, measures and refresh needs before anything is built.
- ProfessionalVerifying Reports and Dashboards Before and After ReleaseIndependently checks every figure, filter, permission-dependent view and refresh path of a report or data product against source and an independent...
- ProfessionalBuilding Decision-focused Reports and DashboardsBuilds reports and interactive dashboards whose layout, interactions and encodings answer a specified decision question for a named audience without...
- ProfessionalAssessing the control and reliability of end-user calculation filesDecides whether a spreadsheet or other end-user calculation file can be relied on as a source: maps its inputs, links, hidden content and manual...
- ProfessionalDesigning Auditable Decision ModelsDesigns a planning or decision model with separated, labelled inputs, calculations and outputs, each assumption held once, built-in checks and a...
- ProfessionalDesigning Semantic Models for Governed AnalyticsDesigns a semantic layer that exposes certified measures, safe dimensions and deliberate relationships so self-service users get consistent answers.
- ProfessionalDefining the Analysis Population: Filters, Nulls, Dates and Time ZonesSelects exactly the population the question asks about, handling missing values, date and time boundaries, time zones and text matching deliberately,...
- ProfessionalAnalysing Event Sequences, States and DurationsAnswers ordered and temporal questions (ranking, running totals, gaps, time in state, sessions, funnels) from event or status data correctly, stating...
- ProfessionalDiagnosing Incorrect Query and Calculation ResultsFinds why a query, formula or measure returns a wrong answer (fan-out, wrong filter, time boundary, late data, wrong grain) by isolating each step,...
- SpecialistDiagnosing and Remedying Query and Database PerformanceDiagnoses slow or costly queries from execution plans and profiles, and chooses and tests remedies (query rewrite, indexing, clustering,...
- ProfessionalIdentifying Keys and Testing Referential IntegrityIdentifies primary, foreign and natural keys and tests for orphans, duplicates and broken references before combining or loading data.
- ProfessionalDesigning Relational Schemas: Keys, Constraints and NormalisationDesigns tables, keys and constraints that enforce business rules and decides where to normalise or denormalise for integrity and use.
- ProfessionalDesigning Dimensional Models with Explicit GrainBuilds fact and dimension models with declared grain, keys and conformed dimensions.
- SpecialistDesigning and Versioning Data Contracts for ConsumersDefines a versioned contract (schema, semantics, grain, freshness, owners) between data producers and consumers, classifies breaking changes and...
- ProfessionalTesting Changes to Data Services and Business Systems for Business Meaning and Downstream ImpactDesigns tests for a code, mapping, configuration or workflow change that would fail if business meaning changed (totals, joins, every affected record...
- ProfessionalDesigning and Validating Batch and Streaming IngestionDesigns ingestion that validates incoming batches and events against contracts and handles late, out-of-order and duplicate records before loading.
- ProfessionalEngineering Production Data TransformationsBuilds idempotent, parameterised, reviewed transformation code with declared output grain that reruns identically and survives schema drift.
- ProfessionalRecovering Data Pipelines SafelyRecovers and backfills a failed pipeline or job without duplicate or lost records, using idempotent reruns, checkpoints and version restore.
- ProfessionalEnforcing and Auditing Data AccessImplements least-privilege roles, row and column policies, proves effective access for a given user and proves revocation from audit evidence.
- SpecialistPlanning and Validating Controlled Data MigrationsPlans a migration with cutover, parallel run and rollback, and proves that migrated data and permissions match the source.
- FoundationalDecomposing One's Own Tasks for AI AssistanceBreaks one's own research or analysis task into steps and decides which steps AI may assist and how each output is checked.
- ProfessionalSpecifying and Iterating AI Task InstructionsWrites task instructions with goal, context, sources, constraints and output checks, and iterates on observed failures.
- FoundationalVerifying AI-Assisted Outputs Against SourcesChecks every claim, number and citation in AI-assisted output against sources or an independent calculation, and refuses to release what cannot be...
- SpecialistAnalysing Error Patterns and Failure Modes in Models and AI SystemsAnalyses where a model's or AI system's errors concentrate by segment, case type and trace, diagnoses root causes, probes misuse with adversarial and...
- FoundationalDisclosing AI Contribution to Professional WorkDiscloses how AI contributed to one's own work or decision and its limits so a reviewer can rely on it.
- SpecialistPreparing Leakage-Resistant ML DataPrepares features and splits without leakage across time and entities and proves it.
- SpecialistTraining Reproducible Machine Learning ModelsTrains and tunes models with fixed seeds, versioned data, tracked experiments and nested validation so results can be reproduced.
- SpecialistMonitoring Model Fitness and DriftMonitors input drift, prediction drift and outcome performance, including where outcomes lag, and triggers review or retraining.
- FoundationalApplying Data Classification and Handling RulesAssigns a classification label to data and derived outputs using a supplied scheme and applies the matching storage, sharing and retention rules.
- ProfessionalAssigning and Operating Data Ownership and StewardshipFor a dataset or metric, establishes the accountable owner and steward, their decision rights and escalation route, and records unresolved ownership...
- ProfessionalDesigning Testable Data ControlsWrites a control as a testable statement (risk, owner, frequency, evidence, failure action) for a business data process.
- ProfessionalMonitoring and Testing Data Control EffectivenessSelects a sample, tests whether a control operated as designed over a period, and reports exceptions with their consequence.
- ProfessionalControlling Disclosure Risk in Shared Data and OutputsBefore release, checks a table, chart or extract for re-identification and small-cell risk and applies suppression, aggregation or restriction...
- ProfessionalRecognising and Containing Suspected Personal Data BreachesOn a suspected personal data breach, recognises it as one, stops further exposure (revoke access, recall or delete misdirected data, isolate the...
- SpecialistDesigning Enforceable Data Governance PoliciesWrites a governance policy with scope, decision rights, measurable obligations, exception route and enforcement evidence, and shows how compliance...
- ProfessionalInterpreting Financial Statements and Ratios for DecisionsFrom a set of statements, calculates the relevant ratios, explains what they do and do not show, and states the implication for a named decision.
- ProfessionalInterpreting Budgets and Planning AssumptionsReads a budget, separates committed from assumed figures, and tests the assumptions that drive a variance or planning decision.
- ProfessionalAnalysing Costs, Allocation and Margin DriversTraces margin to cost behaviour and allocation choices and shows how a different allocation basis changes the decision.
- ProfessionalBuilding Driver-based Financial ForecastsBuilds a forecast from operational drivers with documented assumptions and shows its sensitivity to each driver.
- ProfessionalDiagnosing Forecast Accuracy and Bias and Comparing Methods FairlyMeasures forecast error and bias with suitable metrics over the decision horizon, compares methods and judgemental overrides on the same holdout...
- ProfessionalConstructing a Controlled Cash-Flow PlanBuilds a short-term cash forecast reconciled to opening balances and commitments and tests a liquidity action against it.
- ProfessionalReconciling Finance Subledgers and Close RecordsReconciles a subledger to the ledger at close, explains every reconciling item and decides which need adjustment or escalation.
- ProfessionalAnalysing Working-Capital Drivers and Cash ConversionDecomposes the cash conversion cycle into receivable, payable and inventory drivers and prioritises actions by cash effect.
- SpecialistTesting Investment Business Cases Under UncertaintyRebuilds a business case cash flow, tests it under ranges and scenarios, and states what would have to be true for it to pay back.
- ProfessionalAnalysing Price Realisation from List to Pocket PriceBuilds a price waterfall from list to pocket price, quantifies leakage by discount, rebate and term type and by customer and deal, and identifies...
- ProfessionalAnalysing Staged Funnels: Conversion, Time in Stage and SlippageFrom stage history of any staged process (sales pipeline, recruitment, cases), measures stage conversion, time in stage, ageing and slippage by...
- ProfessionalAnalysing Customer Lifetime Value and Unit EconomicsEstimates lifetime value and acquisition payback by cohort with stated assumptions and shows which assumptions change the decision.
- ProfessionalInvestigating Procurement Spend Leakage and Duplicate CommitmentsPart 1 (keeps id): finds off-contract, maverick and duplicate commitments in classified spend and quantifies leakage with traceable evidence.
- ProfessionalMapping Customer Journeys and Evidence GapsBuilds a journey map where each step is tied to evidence and marks steps where evidence is missing or contradictory.
- ProfessionalConstructing and Challenging Customer SegmentsBuilds segments from behaviour or value data and tests whether they are stable, distinct and actionable.
- ProfessionalDiagnosing Digital Funnel Conversion from Event DataFrom event data, defines funnel steps and population correctly, measures step conversion, and separates real drop-off from tracking, consent or...
- ProfessionalInterpreting Customer Feedback and Qualitative EvidenceCodes open-text or interview evidence systematically, weighs representativeness, and states what it supports and what it cannot show.
- ProfessionalDefining Measurable Outcomes and Leading IndicatorsTurns an objective into outcome measures and leading indicators with definitions, baselines and targets, and shows how each would detect success or...
- ProfessionalDiagnosing Operational Handoffs and FlowFrom timestamps and case histories, measures flow time, wait and rework at each handoff and locates the constraint.
- ProfessionalAnalysing Queue Behaviour, Capacity and Service ConstraintsRetained part: uses arrival, handling and utilisation data to explain queue behaviour and the effect of prioritisation rules on waiting and service...
- ProfessionalTesting, Implementing and Sustaining Measured ImprovementsSets a baseline, trials a process or service change, measures the effect against the baseline, and puts controls in place to sustain it.
- ProfessionalInvestigating Workforce Movement and Attrition TrendsAnalyses joiner, mover and leaver flows by cohort and tenure and separates real attrition change from population or definition effects.
- ProfessionalEvaluating Learning Transfer and Performance OutcomesDesigns and reads an evaluation of whether learning changed on-the-job behaviour or performance, beyond attendance and satisfaction.
- ProfessionalStructuring Ambiguous Professional ProblemsBreaks an ill-defined problem into mutually exclusive, testable sub-questions and states which to answer first and why.
- ProfessionalEliciting the Decision Behind an Analytical RequestFrom a requester's ask, establishes the decision, decision-maker, deadline and threshold for action before any analysis starts.
- ProfessionalWriting Verifiable Requirements and Acceptance CriteriaTurns stated needs into requirements with acceptance criteria that an independent person could test, and flags untestable or conflicting ones.
- ProfessionalComparing Options Against Explicit Decision CriteriaSets weighted criteria before scoring, scores options with evidence, and tests whether the ranking survives reasonable weight changes.
- ProfessionalDesigning Efficient and Reproducible InvestigationsPlans an investigation with sequence, stopping rule and a record another analyst could rerun.
- ProfessionalMapping Stakeholders' Decisions, Constraints and NeedsIdentifies the stakeholders of a change, their decisions, constraints and conflicting needs, and records which must be resolved before requirements...
- ProfessionalExplaining Technical Work to Accountable Non-specialistsExplains a technical change, fault or model to a non-specialist decision-maker so they can state the decision and risk back correctly.
- ProfessionalFacilitating Group Decisions Using Disputed EvidenceRuns a decision meeting where evidence is contested so that the group reaches and records a decision with dissent and conditions.
- ProfessionalInfluencing Change Without Formal AuthorityGets an owner it does not manage to adopt an evidence-based improvement, and shows what changed as a result.
- ProfessionalGiving Specific Developmental Feedback on Data and AI WorkGives feedback on a colleague's analytical or AI-assisted work product that names the defect, its consequence and a concrete next step.
- ProfessionalDesigning Implementable Change PlansWrites a change plan with impacted groups, sequence, readiness criteria and adoption measures that an owner could execute.
- ProfessionalEvaluating Whether People Understood, Adopted and Sustained a ChangeMeasures, against a pre-change baseline, whether the intended people understood a change or message, adopted the new behaviour and kept it after...
- ProfessionalCoordinating Accountable Handoffs Between TeamsSets up and checks a handoff so the receiving team accepts named deliverables, evidence and open risks.
- FoundationalMaintaining a Risk Register with Owners, Triggers and ResponsesMaintains a risk register with owners, triggers and responses for a project, service, supplier set or data and AI portfolio, and shows how a risk was...
- ProfessionalPlanning Delivery Dependencies and the Critical PathBuilds and reads a delivery plan with dependencies, critical path and float, and shows which deliverables and dates move when a dependency slips.
- ProfessionalRecalculating Pay and Incentive Outcomes from Plan RulesReads pay or incentive plan rules and independently recalculates outcomes for a sample from source records (hours, bookings, quota credit),...
- ProfessionalResolving and Escalating Pay, Incentive and Payment Exceptions Within AuthorityClassifies a pay, incentive or supplier payment exception or dispute by cause and impact, corrects it within delegated authority citing the rule...
- ProfessionalReconstructing a Record's State at a Point in Time from History and Audit TrailsReconstructs what a record meant and which state it was in at a given date from field history, effective dating and audit trails, in CRM, HR or ERP...
- ProfessionalQualifying Sales Opportunities with Traceable EvidenceFor an opportunity, records evidence against each qualification criterion, flags unsupported claims, and sets the stage the evidence justifies.
- ProfessionalChallenging Probability-Weighted Sales ForecastsRebuilds a weighted pipeline forecast from stage history, tests stage probabilities against actual conversion, and states the adjusted range.
- ProfessionalDesigning and Applying Governed Tender Evaluation CriteriaSets weighted criteria and scoring scales before publication, tests whether the weighting favours a particular bidder, manages declared conflicts of...
- ProfessionalVerifying Project Progress Against Accepted OutcomesChecks reported progress against acceptance evidence for each deliverable and rejects claims without it.
- ProfessionalFacilitating Evidence-led Retrospectives and Corrective ActionsRuns a blameless review from the event timeline, agrees corrective actions with owners, and checks later that they prevented recurrence.
- ProfessionalMeasuring Campaign Outcomes with Valid DenominatorsDefines campaign outcome measures with the correct exposed population and baseline, and reports them without double counting across channels.
- ProfessionalComparing Pricing Scenarios with Demand and Margin SensitivityModels price, volume and margin under estimated price response and compares scenarios with their sensitivity.
- ProfessionalRunning Incident Command: Severity, Timeline and Status UpdatesDuring an incident, sets and revises severity, keeps a timestamped timeline and decision log, and issues status updates to affected users at a set...
- ProfessionalMapping Proposed Process Changes and Control ImpactsMaps a proposed process change step by step and identifies which controls, data and handoffs it removes, weakens or adds.
- ProfessionalPreparing Change Records with Impact Assessment and RollbackWrites a change record that states scope, affected records, reports and consumers, test and reconciliation evidence, risk rating, implementation...
- ProfessionalTesting the Completeness and Accuracy of Reports and Data That Controls Rely OnFor a key report or extract a control depends on, tests its source, parameters, filters and logic and ties it to an independent total for the control...
- ProfessionalIdentifying and Prioritising Critical Data ElementsTraces which data elements feed regulatory reports, key decisions, controls and external disclosures, ranks them by consequence of error, and records...
- SpecialistDesigning Decision Rights and Dispute Routes for Data and AI WorkLists the recurring decisions in a domain or function, assigns who decides, is consulted and is informed, sets an escalation and dispute route with...
- SpecialistAnalysing Pay Equity with Raw and Adjusted Pay GapsComputes mean and median raw pay gaps by category of worker, adjusts for legitimate factors with a stated model, explains the unexplained residual...
- ProfessionalBuilding Cohort and Retention Analyses with Correct DenominatorsDefines the cohort entry event, observation windows, the active or retained definition and censoring, builds retention curves by cohort, and...
- SpecialistAllocating Spend Across Channels by Marginal ReturnReads response or saturation curves from mix models and test results, compares channels on marginal rather than average return, and reallocates a...
- ProfessionalResolving Consent and Suppression Status Across SystemsFor a proposed audience or extract, reconciles consent, objection and channel preference flags across systems, applies the most recent expressed wish...
- ProfessionalMapping Personal Data Processing and FlowsBuilds and maintains a record of processing activities and data map showing purposes, categories of people and data, recipients, transfers, retention...
- ProfessionalVerifying Benefits Realisation and AttributionSets a benefit baseline before change, tracks realised benefits against the business case, nets out what would have happened anyway, displacement and...
- ProfessionalAppraising Options on a Common Incremental Basis Against a Do-nothing BaselineDefines the do-nothing or business-as-usual baseline, expresses every option as incremental costs, benefits and risks against it over the same...
- ProfessionalVerifying Payment and Bank-detail Changes Against Fraud ControlsChecks a supplier or employee bank-detail or master-data change by independent call-back to a known contact, change history and red flags (urgency,...
- ProfessionalClassifying Spend to a Category Taxonomy and Maintaining a Trusted BaselineMaps spend lines to a category taxonomy with explicit rules, samples and corrects misclassification, reconciles the baseline to the ledger total, and...
- ProfessionalAnalysing Supply Markets and Choosing a Sourcing RouteFrom market evidence, describes supplier concentration, switching costs, incumbent dependency and buyer leverage, and selects and justifies a...
- ProfessionalApplying Effective Dating and Retroactive Change Rules to RecordsRecords a change with the correct effective date, reads a record as at any date, and traces what a future-dated or backdated change does to pay,...
- ProfessionalForecasting Project Cost and Schedule from Progress EvidenceForecasts cost at completion and finish date from the baseline, actuals and measured progress (earned value or an equivalent method), explains cost...
- ProfessionalDesigning Role-based Access Entitlement ModelsDerives access roles from job need and data classification, defines approval routes and approvers, recertification frequency and reviewer, expiry and...
- ProfessionalBalancing Territories and Quotas from Account PotentialEstimates account potential by segment or region, sizes territories against seller capacity (ramp, attrition, leave), sets quotas that sum to the...
- ProfessionalAssessing Customer Creditworthiness and Setting LimitsCombines credit agency data, financial statements, payment behaviour, current exposure and commercial value into a credit assessment, and recommends...
- FoundationalPrioritising Collection Actions from Aged DebtReads an aged-debt report, DSO and payment history, ranks accounts by exposure, recoverability and dispute status, and assigns each the collection...
- FoundationalPreserving Incident Evidence and TimelineSecures logs, copies and system state with integrity checks, records chain of custody and a timestamped account of what was known when, so the...
- ProfessionalEliciting Needs Through Interviews, Workshops and ObservationPlans and runs interviews, workshops and observation to elicit needs, separates needs from proposed solutions, confirms understanding back with...
- ProfessionalMaintaining Requirements Traceability and Change ControlLinks each requirement to its source, design element and test, assesses the impact of a proposed change along that chain, and records the decision in...
- SpecialistDiscovering Process Variants from Event LogsAssembles an event log (case, activity, timestamp) from system data, discovers the actual process variants, measures conformance, rework and cycle...
- ProfessionalAnswering Individual Pay Transparency RequestsExplains a worker's right to information on their own pay level and on average pay levels by sex for workers doing the same work or work of equal...
- SpecialistDiscovering undeclared data processing and AI use from operational evidenceFinds processing activities and AI systems that owners have not declared by triangulating independent evidence (procurement and expense records,...
- SpecialistEstimating accruals, provisions and expected credit loss under accounting policyApplies the stated policy method to an estimate (accrual from evidence of goods or services received, provision from obligation and best estimate,...
- SpecialistMapping entity results and eliminating intercompany balances in consolidationMaps entity charts of accounts to the group chart, matches intercompany balances and transactions between counterparties, explains and classifies...
- ProfessionalEstimating market size by triangulating top-down and bottom-up methodsBuilds a top-down estimate from published totals and shares and a bottom-up estimate from units, buyers and price, reconciles the two, removes...
- ProfessionalMapping competitor positions from external evidenceCollects comparable evidence on competitors (offer, price, share, customers, capabilities), places them on stated dimensions, records the source and...
- ProfessionalRunning sensitivity and break-even analysis on model assumptionsVaries one or several key assumptions of an estimate or model over justified ranges, ranks their effect on the output, finds break-even or switching...
- SpecialistEvaluating jobs with an analytical, gender-neutral schemeScores jobs against defined factors and levels of an analytical job evaluation scheme, checks factors and weights for gender bias (for example...
- SpecialistBenchmarking jobs to market pay data and designing pay rangesMatches jobs to survey jobs on content and level rather than title, chooses the market percentile the policy targets, sets range midpoints, spreads...
- ProfessionalCosting a pay review budget and guideline matrixBuilds a merit or guideline matrix by performance and position in range, costs it against the eligible population with timing and on-costs, tests...
- SpecialistModelling workforce demand and supplyProjects future workforce demand from business drivers and supply from current stock, attrition, retirement, internal movement and hiring, segments...
- ProfessionalAnalysing organisation structure, spans and critical-role coverFrom position and reporting-line data, measures spans of control and layers, identifies critical roles and single points of failure with their...
- SpecialistDesigning and weighting rule-based scoring modelsChooses fit and behaviour signals for an operational score, sets weights and decay, tests rank-ordering against realised outcomes (lift by score...
- ProfessionalMapping buying groups and account whitespaceFrom CRM, contract and engagement evidence, maps the people involved in a customer's buying decision and their roles, identifies unmapped...
- ProfessionalWriting testable work standards and review checklistsDerives conventions from recurring defects in real work products, writes each as a testable rule with an example and a check, assembles a review...
- SpecialistBuilding Data Protection by Design into Data Products and PipelinesImplements minimisation, pseudonymisation, access separation, retention and verifiable deletion in a pipeline, data product or AI system, and shows...
Judgement54
- ProfessionalReviewing Human- and AI-generated Code Changes for Correctness and RiskReviews a change, including AI-generated code, against requirements, tests and security, and approves, requests change or rejects with specific...
- ProfessionalGating Releases on Evidence with Rollback ReadySets and interprets build, test, evaluation and deployment checks so that a code, data or model change is promoted only when the evidence meets the...
- SpecialistEvaluating Software Architecture for Data and AI SystemsEvaluates a proposed architecture against stated quality attributes and constraints and records the trade-offs and risks accepted.
- SpecialistSetting and reviewing action thresholds for scores and model predictionsChooses the threshold at which a score, whether rule-based or model-generated, triggers action or routing from costs, benefits, capacity and subgroup...
- SpecialistClassifying AI Uses Against Regulatory ObligationsFor an AI use case, the organisation's role and a stated date, checks EU AI Act scope; prohibition; high-risk classification; transparency and other...
- ProfessionalInterpreting Missing and Unavailable DataIdentifies why data are missing, suppressed or unavailable and states what that does to the conclusions a source can support.
- ProfessionalJudging Whether a Change Exceeds Normal VariationDecides whether a reported change or difference is distinguishable from normal variation (run charts, control limits, sampling error) and states what...
- FoundationalRecognising Misleading Numerical ClaimsAudits headline numerical claims (base effects, percentage points, cherry-picked periods, survivorship) against the underlying figures and rewrites...
- ProfessionalAssessing Data Source Credibility and Fitness for a QuestionJudges a candidate source's provenance, method, independence, coverage, grain, timeliness, definitions and permitted use against a specific question,...
- ProfessionalDiagnosing Data Quality ExceptionsClassifies apparent defects as real defects or legitimate business exceptions (retries, partial payments, disputed corrections) with evidence, and...
- ProfessionalChoosing and Justifying Missing-Data TreatmentsChooses, applies and justifies a missing-data treatment for a stated analysis purpose and shows its effect on the result.
- SpecialistEvaluating Experimental Results and IntegrityDetects integrity failures (sample ratio mismatch, logging faults, peeking) and analyses results against pre-registered metrics.
- ProfessionalDiagnosing Misleading Data VisualisationsDiagnoses why a published chart misleads, quantifies the distortion and redesigns it honestly.
- FoundationalProtecting Sensitive Data in AI-Assisted WorkKeeps personal and confidential data out of inappropriate AI tools, prompts and outputs, and predicts what an assistant can see through the user's...
- FoundationalJudging Whether and How to Use AI for a taskFor a specific task, predicts where AI will help and where it will fail (fabrication, stale knowledge, arithmetic, missing context), weighs risk,...
- ProfessionalEvaluating Fitness and Full Cost of AI-assisted WorkEvaluates whether an AI-assisted workflow or feature does the job well enough in real use, including review effort, error and support costs.
- SpecialistEvaluating ML Generalisation and FitnessValidates a model with appropriate splits and metrics, tests transfer across segments and time, and judges fitness for its intended use.
- ProfessionalEvaluating Responsible AI Use RisksAssesses harms, misuse and failure impacts of an AI use on people and the organisation and sets proportionate controls and stop rules.
- SpecialistAssessing Privacy Risk Through Data Protection Impact AssessmentsDecides whether a DPIA is required, identifies likely harms to individuals, evaluates controls and residual risk, and records when the DPO or...
- SpecialistAssessing Lawful Basis, Purpose Compatibility and Minimisation for Data ReuseFor a proposed new use of existing data, decides whether the lawful basis or consent covers it, whether the purpose is compatible, and which fields...
- ProfessionalManaging Master Data Identities and ExceptionsDecides survivorship and merge or unmerge actions for conflicting entity records and routes exceptions to the accountable steward with evidence.
- SpecialistAssessing Data-driven Fairness and BiasComputes outcome and error rates by relevant subgroup, judges whether disparities are material and justified, and recommends a proportionate...
- ProfessionalIdentifying and Quantifying Decision Downside and ExposureFor a proposed decision, lists the material risks, quantifies the plausible downside and exposure, and states the limit or mitigation that makes it...
- ProfessionalEvaluating Supplier Total Cost and ValueCompares suppliers on whole-life cost and value (price, service, switching, quality cost) rather than unit price.
- ProfessionalDesigning Decision-oriented Research with Customers, Users or EmployeesChooses a research method, sample and questions that can change a named product, service or people decision, with customers, users or employees, and...
- ProfessionalPrioritising Work by Evidenced Value, Cost, Risk and ConfidenceRanks backlog items, product opportunities or a portfolio of initiatives by evidenced value, cost, risk and confidence within available capacity,...
- ProfessionalEvaluating Product Outcomes and Metric IntegrityAfter a release, checks that the outcome metric still measures what it claims (definition, instrumentation, gaming) before judging success.
- ProfessionalEvaluating Service Performance and Quality Trade-offsReads service measures as distributions, not averages, and judges speed, quality and cost trade-offs including SLA gaming.
- ProfessionalEvaluating Structured Selection Evidence FairlyScores candidates against structured criteria, checks consistency between assessors and adverse impact across groups, and recommends a selection with...
- ProfessionalEvaluating Employee Experience Evidence ResponsiblyInterprets engagement or experience survey results with response bias, small-group disclosure and confidentiality in mind and states what action they...
- ProfessionalTesting Competing Explanations with Discriminating EvidenceStates the assumptions behind a conclusion or failure, generates credible competing explanations and gathers evidence that distinguishes between them...
- ProfessionalJudging Whether External Evidence Applies to the Decision ContextDecides whether a study, benchmark or case transfers to the organisation's situation by comparing population, conditions and measures.
- ProfessionalMaking Accountable Decisions Under UncertaintyChooses an action under stated uncertainty with expected costs, reversibility and owner recorded, and sets the evidence that would trigger review.
- ProfessionalRevising Prior Decisions When Evidence ChangesReconstructs what was known when a decision was made, judges whether new evidence warrants change, and records the retraction or revision.
- ProfessionalReasoning About Systems, Feedback and Second-order EffectsMaps the feedback loops and delayed effects around a proposed action or option and identifies consequences a first-order analysis misses.
- ProfessionalIndependently Checking Analytical Conclusions and ClaimsRe-derives a colleague's conclusion from the source evidence and reports whether it holds, with the specific defects found.
- FoundationalEscalating Unresolved Risks with Evidence and Clear OwnershipEscalates an issue it cannot resolve with the evidence, impact, options and named owner the receiver needs to act.
- ProfessionalWorking Through Stakeholder Conflict over Evidence and ResponsibilityResolves a dispute about whose evidence or responsibility applies by separating facts, interpretations and accountabilities and agreeing next steps.
- ProfessionalCommunicating Sensitive or Unwelcome Analytical FindingsDelivers a finding the audience will resist without softening the evidence, and records their response and decision.
- ProfessionalDiagnosing Capability Gaps from Work Evidence and Planning DevelopmentUses work-product evidence, not self-report alone, to separate capability gaps from process, tool or motivation causes, and plans development through...
- ProfessionalAssessing Supplier Dependency, Data-handling and Exit RiskAssesses a supplier's concentration, financial health, integrity, delivery performance, security and data-handling evidence, model-use terms and exit...
- ProfessionalCritically Evaluating Marketing Attribution ClaimsExplains how an attribution model assigns credit, shows where it diverges from incrementality evidence, and states what budget decision it can...
- ProfessionalJudging the Materiality of Defects and Deficiencies for the Intended UseFor a defect, reconciling difference or control deficiency, judges whether it is material for the stated use and audience (size, nature, who relies...
- ProfessionalRating Risks Against Appetite and Choosing Proportionate TreatmentRates inherent and residual likelihood and impact of a data or AI risk on a stated scale, compares the result with appetite and tolerance, chooses to...
- ProfessionalExercising Human Oversight of Automated and AI OutputsWhile an automated or AI system is in use, recognises automation bias, applies agreed override and stop criteria, decides whether to correct,...
- ProfessionalChoosing an Analytical Method to Fit the Question and DataGiven a question and a dataset, chooses among descriptive, comparative, inferential, causal and predictive methods, states why the chosen one fits...
- SpecialistWeighing Conflicting Evidence by Design StrengthWhen sources disagree (holdout test, attribution model, observational trend, survey), ranks them by how well their design rules out bias and...
- ProfessionalJudging Whether Uncertainty Changes the DecisionIdentifies the threshold at which a decision would switch, compares the estimate's range with it, and states plainly whether the uncertainty matters...
- SpecialistSetting and Applying a Release and Rollback Bar for Models and AI SystemsBefore evaluation, fixes the release bar for a model or AI system (minimum performance for every relevant segment, non-regression against the current...
- ProfessionalAssessing Change Risk, Collisions and Go or No-goRates a proposed change by impact and likelihood, detects conflicting changes and live incidents on shared components across owners, sets go or no-go...
- ProfessionalApplying Research Ethics and Participant ConsentIdentifies the ethical risks of a study (consent, vulnerability, deception, withdrawal, confidentiality, retention), sets the consent wording and...
- SpecialistApplying Exemptions and Third-party Redaction to Rights ResponsesDecides which exemptions apply to material found for a rights request, redacts third-party personal data without over-redaction, balances third-party...
- FoundationalInterpreting policy scope and delegated authority limitsReads a policy and a delegation of authority schedule, states which cases, amounts and conditions they cover, classifies a case as inside, outside or...
- ProfessionalRecognising and Resolving Ethical Conflicts in Data and AI WorkRecognises an ethical conflict in a piece of data or AI work (pressure to misreport or overclaim, conflict of interest, lawful but harmful use),...
Knowledge16
- FoundationalReading Data Tables: Rows, Fields, Types and UnitsGiven an unfamiliar table or extract, states what one row represents, what each field means, its type, unit and coding, and spots text-stored...
- FoundationalInterpreting Averages, Weighted Measures and Mix EffectsExplains why an overall average moves differently from every segment average (mix effect, Simpson's paradox) and chooses the weighting the question...
- FoundationalReading Business MetricsDecomposes any KPI into numerator, denominator, population, period, exclusions and owner, and states which comparisons the definition does and does...
- FoundationalInterpreting Correlation Without Inferring CauseMeasures association between variables and explains why it does not establish cause in the case at hand.
- ProfessionalSpecifying BI Measure Semantics: Additivity, Aggregation and TimeSpecifies and checks how a measure must behave across dimensions, time and filters (additive, semi-additive, non-additive, ratio of sums) so it...
- ProfessionalExplaining Data and AI Platform Architecture Patterns and Building BlocksExplains where data, compute and permissions live in common data and AI architectures (warehouse, lakehouse, data mesh, batch and streaming,...
- FoundationalRecognising Personal Data and Privacy DutiesIdentifies personal and special-category data in a dataset or use case and states the duties that follow before work starts.
- FoundationalRecognising Cybersecurity Threats to Data WorkIn a data-work scenario (shared notebook, exported file, AI tool, cloud share), spots the threat (credential exposure, phishing, public link,...
- FoundationalInterpreting Workforce Metrics and PopulationsDefines the workforce population and time basis behind headcount, FTE and turnover metrics and shows how definition changes alter the figure.
- ProfessionalInterpreting Supplier Contract Duties, Terms and ExposureExtracts obligations, service levels, remedies and renewal dates from a supplier contract into a tracked register and identifies exposure.
- FoundationalExplaining Control Types, Dependencies and Compensating ControlsExplains preventive and detective, manual, IT-dependent manual and automated controls, the IT general controls an automated control depends on,...
- FoundationalExplaining How Business Events Flow into Accounting RecordsTraces an order, invoice, payment, accrual, payroll run or intercompany charge from the operational system into ledger postings and explains the...
- FoundationalRecognising Statutory Incident Reporting Duties and DeadlinesFor an incident or recurring failure, identifies whether a statutory report is triggered (for example personal data breach, reportable workplace...
- ProfessionalApplying Equality Law Tests to People-decision CriteriaExplains direct and indirect discrimination, the protected characteristics and the objective justification test (legitimate aim, proportionate means,...
- ProfessionalRecord-keeping requirements for processing activities and AI systemsStates the attributes a record of processing activities must hold (purposes, lawful basis, categories of data and data subjects, recipients,...
- ProfessionalInterpreting sustainability reporting standards and metric boundariesExplains how a sustainability metric is defined under the applicable standard (for example ESRS and the GHG Protocol scope 1, 2 and 3 boundaries and...